{"id":15286,"date":"2025-07-29T11:25:33","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T16:25:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.misumiusa.com\/?page_id=15286"},"modified":"2025-07-31T09:29:33","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T14:29:33","slug":"thermal-expansion-coefficients","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/blog.misumiusa.com\/thermal-expansion-coefficients\/","title":{"rendered":"Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Materials Chart"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When designing parts that need to maintain tight tolerances under temperature changes, understanding the linear thermal expansion of materials like <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/blog\/aluminum-in-manufacturing\/\" title=\"\">aluminum<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/blog\/what-is-steel\/\" title=\"\">steel<\/a> is essential. As materials heat up, they expand\u2014some more than others. For instance, aluminum expands nearly twice as much as steel when exposed to the same temperature change. This difference can affect everything from precision machined components to large structural assemblies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n    <title>Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient Table<\/title>\n    <style>\n        .thermal-expansion-container {\n            all: initial;\n            max-width: 1400px;\n            margin: 20px auto;\n            background-color: #f5f5f5;\n            padding: 20px;\n            border-radius: 8px;\n            box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\n            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n            display: block;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table {\n            all: initial;\n            background-color: white;\n            padding: 20px;\n            border-radius: 8px;\n            display: block;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table * {\n            all: unset;\n        }\n        \n        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font-weight: bold;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table .notes {\n            font-size: 12px;\n            color: #666;\n            font-style: italic;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table .negative {\n            color: #e74c3c;\n            font-weight: bold;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table .notes-section {\n            display: block;\n            background-color: #f8f9fa;\n            border-radius: 8px;\n            padding: 20px;\n            margin-top: 30px;\n            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table .notes-section h3 {\n            display: block;\n            color: #2c3e50;\n            margin-top: 0;\n            margin-bottom: 15px;\n            font-size: 18px;\n            font-weight: bold;\n            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table .notes-section ul {\n            display: block;\n            color: #555;\n            line-height: 1.6;\n            margin: 0;\n            padding-left: 20px;\n            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n        }\n        \n        .thermal-expansion-table .notes-section li {\n            display: list-item;\n            list-style-type: disc;\n            margin-bottom: 8px;\n            font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n        }\n    <\/style>\n\n\n    <div class=\"thermal-expansion-container\">\n        <div class=\"thermal-expansion-table\">\n            <table id=\"materialTable\">\n                <thead>\n                    <tr>\n                        <th>Material<\/th>\n                        <th>Coefficient (10\u207b\u2076\/\u00b0C)<\/th>\n                        <th>Notes<\/th>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <!-- METALS AND ALLOYS -->\n                    <tr class=\"category-header\">\n                        <td colspan=\"3\">Metals and Alloys<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Aluminum<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">23.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure aluminum<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Aluminum alloys<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">21-24<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Varies by alloy composition<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Aluminum nitride<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Technical ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Antimony<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Arsenic<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4.7<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Barium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">20.6<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Beryllium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Bismuth<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">13.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Boron<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Brass<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">19<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Zn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Bronze<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Sn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cadmium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">30.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Calcium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">22.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cerium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Chromium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cobalt<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">13.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Constantan<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Ni alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Copper<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">16.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure copper<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Copper, Beryllium 25<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">17.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Be alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cupronickel 30% (constantan)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Same as Constantan<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Duralumin<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">23<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Al-Cu-Mg alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Dysprosium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Erbium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">12.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Europium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">35<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Gadolinium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">German silver<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Ni-Zn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Germanium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Gold<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure gold<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Gold &#8211; copper<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Au-Cu alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Gold &#8211; platinum<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Au-Pt alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Gunmetal<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Sn-Zn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Hafnium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Hard alloy K20<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Tungsten carbide based<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Hastelloy C<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Ni-Cr-Mo alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Holmium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Inconel<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">13.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Ni-Cr alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Indium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">32.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Invar<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">1.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Fe-Ni alloy, low expansion<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Iridium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Iron, cast<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cast iron<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Iron, forged<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Wrought iron<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Iron, pure<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure iron<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Lanthanum<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">12.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Lead<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">28.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure lead<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Antimonial lead (hard lead)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">26.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Hard lead with antimony<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Lithium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">46<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Lutetium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Magnalium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">24<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Al-Mg alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Magnesium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">24.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure magnesium<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Magnesium alloy AZ31B<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">26<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Mg-Al-Zn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Manganese<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">21.7<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Manganin<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Mn-Ni alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Mercury<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">60.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Liquid at room temp<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Molybdenum<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Monel metal<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Ni-Cu alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Neodymium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.6<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nickel<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">13.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Niobium (Columbium)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">7.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Osmium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Palladium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Phosphor bronze<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">17.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Sn-P alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Platinum<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Plutonium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">46.7<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Potassium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">83<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Praseodymium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.7<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Promethium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Estimated<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Rhenium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Rhodium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Rubidium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">90<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Ruthenium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Samarium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">12.7<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Scandium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Selenium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Silicon<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">2.6<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Silver<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Sodium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">71<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Solder lead &#8211; tin, 50% &#8211; 50%<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">25<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Speculum metal<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cu-Sn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Steel<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11-13<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Carbon steel<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Steel Stainless Austenitic (304)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">17.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Steel Stainless Austenitic (310)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Steel Stainless Austenitic (316)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">16.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Steel Stainless Ferritic (410)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Strontium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">22.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Tantalum<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">6.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Tellurium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">16.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Terbium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Terne<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">29.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pb-Sn alloy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Thallium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">29.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Thorium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Thulium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">13.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Tin<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">22.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Titanium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.6<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Tungsten<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Uranium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">13.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Vanadium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Ytterbium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">26.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Yttrium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10.6<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Zinc<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">30.2<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Zirconium<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.7<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n\n                    <!-- CERAMICS AND TECHNICAL MATERIALS -->\n                    <tr class=\"category-header\">\n                        <td colspan=\"3\">Ceramics and Technical Materials<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Alumina (aluminium oxide, Al\u2082O\u2083)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Aluminum oxide ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Barium ferrite<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Magnetic ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Corundum, sintered<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Sintered aluminum oxide<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Diamond (Carbon)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">1.1<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Extremely low expansion<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Fluorspar, CaF\u2082<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">18.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Calcium fluoride<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Graphite, pure (Carbon)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">7.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Along basal plane<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Macor<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Machinable glass ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Porcelain, Industrial<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Quartz, fused<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">0.54<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Very low expansion<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Quartz, mineral<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">14<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Natural crystal<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Rock salt<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">40<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">NaCl crystal<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Sapphire<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">7.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Single crystal Al\u2082O\u2083<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Silicon Carbide<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">4.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Technical ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Sitall<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">0\u00b10.15<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Glass ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Steatite<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Magnesium silicate ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n\n                    <!-- GLASSES -->\n                    <tr class=\"category-header\">\n                        <td colspan=\"3\">Glasses<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Glass, hard<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Borosilicate type<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Glass, plate<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">9.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Standard window glass<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Glass, Pyrex<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">3.3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Low expansion borosilicate<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n\n                    <!-- NATURAL MATERIALS -->\n                    <tr class=\"category-header\">\n                        <td colspan=\"3\">Natural Materials<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Amber<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">50<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Fossilized resin<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Brick masonry<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Clay tile structure<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.9<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Concrete<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10-14<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Varies with aggregate<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Concrete structure<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">12<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Typical structural concrete<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Granite<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Natural stone<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Ice, 0\u00b0C water<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">51<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">At 0\u00b0C<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Limestone<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">8.0<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Marble<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">2.5-16<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Varies with composition<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Masonry, brick<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Mica<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">3<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Sheet mica<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Mortar<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">7-14<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cement-based<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Oak, perpendicular to the grain<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">50<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Across growth rings<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Sandstone<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">11.6<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Slate<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10.4<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Wedgwood ware<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">5.8<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Fine ceramic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Wood, across (perpendicular) to grain<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">30-70<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Perpendicular to fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Wood, fir<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">50<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Across grain<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Wood, parallel to grain<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">3-5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Along fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Wood, pine<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">50<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Across grain<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n\n                    <!-- POLYMERS AND PLASTICS -->\n                    <tr class=\"category-header\">\n                        <td colspan=\"3\">Polymers and Plastics<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">90<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Thermoplastic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">ABS -glass fiber-reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">30<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass reinforcement<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Acetal &#8211; glass fiber-reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">22<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">POM with glass fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Acetals<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">85<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">POM, Delrin<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Acrylic<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">70<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PMMA<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Bakelite, bleached<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">22<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Phenolic resin<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Benzocyclobutene<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">42<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Electronic polymer<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Caoutchouc<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">220<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Natural rubber<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cast Iron Gray<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10.5<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Gray cast iron<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Celluloid<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">100<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Cellulose nitrate plastic<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cellulose acetate (CA)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">130<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cellulose acetate butynate (CAB)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">150<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cellulose nitrate (CN)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">100<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Chlorinated polyether<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">50<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">66<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Chlorinated PVC<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Ebonite<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Hard rubber<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Epoxy &#8211; glass fiber reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">26<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass reinforcement<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Epoxy, cast resins &amp; compounds, unfilled<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">55<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Pure epoxy<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Ethylene ethyl acrylate (EEA)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">200<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">180<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Fluoroethylene propylene (FEP)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">135<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Fluoropolymer<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Gutta percha<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">150<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Natural polymer<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Kapton<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">12<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Polyimide film<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nylon, general purpose<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PA6, PA66<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nylon, glass fiber reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">23<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nylon, Type 11, molding and extruding compound<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">100<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PA11<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nylon, Type 12, molding and extruding compound<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PA12<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nylon, Type 6, cast<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">85<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PA6<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Nylon, Type 6\/6, molding compound<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PA66<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Paraffin<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">200<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Wax<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Phenolic resin without fillers<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">60<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Plaster<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">17<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Gypsum plaster<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Plastics<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">20-200<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">General range<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyacrylonitrile<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">70<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">PAN<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyallomer<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">100<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyamide (PA)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Nylon family<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polybutylene (PB)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">130<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polycarbonate (PC)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">65<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polycarbonate &#8211; glass fiber-reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">23<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyester<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">60<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyester &#8211; glass fiber-reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">21<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyethylene (PE)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">200<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyethylene (PE) &#8211; High Molecular Weight<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">200<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">HMWPE<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">70<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyphenylene<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">50<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyphenylene &#8211; glass fiber-reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">20<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polypropylene (PP), unfilled<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">100<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polypropylene &#8211; glass fiber-reinforced<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">32<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">With glass fibers<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polystyrene (PS)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polysulfone (PSO)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">56<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">135<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Teflon<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyurethane (PUR), rigid<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">57<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">130<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Rubber, hard<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">80<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Topas<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">60<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">COC polymer<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Vinyl Ester<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">55<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\"><\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Vulcanite<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">77<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Vulcanized rubber<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Wax<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">200<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">General wax<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n\n                    <!-- SPECIAL MATERIALS -->\n                    <tr class=\"category-header\">\n                        <td colspan=\"3\">Special Materials<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">ALLVAR Alloy 30 (negative thermal expansion)<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient negative\">-30<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Negative expansion<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td class=\"material-name\">Cement, Portland<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"coefficient\">10<\/td>\n                        <td class=\"notes\">Hardened cement paste<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n            \n            <div class=\"notes-section\">\n                <h3>Notes:<\/h3>\n                <ul>\n                    <li>Values are typical and can vary based on composition, processing, and temperature range<\/li>\n                    <li>Glass fiber reinforcement typically reduces thermal expansion by 60-75%<\/li>\n                    <li>Wood expansion is highly anisotropic (different along vs. across grain)<\/li>\n                    <li>Negative thermal expansion materials like ALLVAR shrink when heated<\/li>\n                    <li>Temperature range affects these values; most are for room temperature conditions<\/li>\n                    <li>For engineering applications, always consult specific material datasheets<\/li>\n                <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/\" title=\"\">MISUMI USA<\/a> carries a wide range of configurable parts and materials for every type of industrial manufacturing job including &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/vona2\/mech\/M1500000000\/M1501000000\/M1501010000\/\" title=\"\">aluminum extrusions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/vona2\/mech\/M0100000000\/M0101000000\/\" title=\"\">linear shafts<\/a>, and more. If you have any questions about thermal expansion for your next project or current machine fix, please feel free to <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/service\/info\/help-center\/product-support.html\" title=\"\">connect<\/a> with our product experts and engineers. And, be sure check out our other helpful resources articles on <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/blog\/specific-heat-capacity-of-metals\/\" title=\"\">Specific Heat Capacity of Metals<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/blog\/metal-melting-points\/\" title=\"\">Melting Point of Metals<\/a>, Thermal Expansion Calculator and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Author:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/us.misumi-ec.com\/blog\/author\/sbredemann\/\">Scott Bredemann<\/a>&nbsp;| Updated: 7\/31\/2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Disclaimer:<\/strong><br>The content on this webpage is for informational purposes only. MISUMI makes no guarantees, expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy, completeness, or validity of the information. Performance parameters, tolerances, designs, materials, or processes should not be assumed to reflect third-party suppliers\u2019 or manufacturers\u2019 deliverables within MISUMI\u2019s network. Buyers are responsible for specifying their part requirements.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When designing parts that need to maintain tight tolerances under temperature changes, understanding the linear thermal expansion of materials like aluminum and steel is essential. As materials heat up, they expand\u2014some more than others. For instance, aluminum expands nearly twice as much as steel when exposed to the same temperature change. 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